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http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/05/18/scientists-oceans-clouds-rain-possible-on-distant-planet/
May 18th, 2011 10:57 AMET
A graphic shows surface temperature variations on Gliese 581d and how wind patterns would moderate the climate.
Astronomers in France say a rocky planet orbiting a star that's one of our closest galactic neighbors may have all the ingredients to make us earthlings feel right at home.
The planet Gliese 581d, orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 581 about 20 light years from Earth, could support oceans, clouds and rainfall with a greenhouse effect that would moderate its temperatures, the team of scientists from the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace in Paris says in a study published this month in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
If you're thinking the Gliese 581 system and possibly habitable planets sound familiar, you're right. Just last year, scientists reported that another planet, Gliese 581g, was a prime candidate to support life.
More recent studies have cast doubt on whether Gliese 581g even exists, although one of the scientists who claimed its discovery, astronomer Steven Vogt of the University of California-Santa Cruz, has defended his work, according to a report on Space.com.
With the 581g debate in mind, the scientists in Paris decided to take another look at 581d, which they note is seven times the size of Earth. When it was discovered in 2007, 581d was thought not to be capable of sustaining life, because it has permanent day and night sides, with the night side too cold for living organisms, and it gets only a third as much energy from its star as Earth gets from the sun.
The Paris scientists used a new atmospheric simulation model to look at 581d. And here's what they found, according to a press release:
"With a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere – a likely scenario on such a large planet – the climate of Gliese 581d is not only stable against collapse, but warm enough to have oceans, clouds and rainfall."
The fact that 581d orbits a red dwarf star makes a big difference, they found.
On Earth, a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering reflects heat from our sun in the form of blue light back into space. This helps keep Earth from overheating. But as the atmosphere on 581d is absorbing only red light, Rayleigh scattering doesn't come into play.
"This means that (light) can penetrate much deeper into the atmosphere, where it heats the planet effectively due to the greenhouse effect of the CO2 atmosphere," the scientists said in the press release.
Their model also showed "the daylight heating was efficiently redistributed across the planet by the atmosphere, preventing atmospheric collapse on the night side or at the poles," they said.
But don't pack up the spaceship just yet.
"While Gliese 581d may be habitable there are other possibilities; it could have kept some atmospheric hydrogen, like Uranus and Neptune, or the fierce wind from its star during its infancy could even have torn its atmosphere away entirely," the scientists said.
And even if you left now, in a current-technology spaceship, it would take 300,000 years to get to the Gliese system.
So there's plenty of time to figure it out. Or get Capt. James T. Kirk and the starship Enterprise to explore strange new worlds.
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http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/05/18/new-kind-of-planets-discovered/?hpt=T2
New kind of planet discovered
May 18th, 2011 01:00 PMET
The planets in our solar system get along with each other pretty well. But sometimes when multiple planets orbit the same star, there’s a confrontation – that is, the gravity of one planet interferes with another’s. In this way, smaller ones can get kicked out, left to float in the dark without a star to go around.
These “lonely planets” represent an entirely new category of planets, and are perhaps more numerous in our galaxy than stars, scientists report Wednesday in the journal Nature.
"It gives us a good clue about how planet formation works. It suggests that there's a lot of violent encounters between planets near the end of the planet formation process," said David Bennett, astronomer at the University of Notre Dame.
Bennett and colleagues discovered 10 such planets, each probably the size of Jupiter, in a survey called the Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics, which used a 5.9-foot telescope in New Zealand to scan our galaxy, the Milky Way.
These planets are likely gaseous, and would not be hospitable to life.
Here’s how they may have formed: Generally speaking, a planet is born when a gas cloud around a star collapses into a disc shape. There are a few different theories about what happens next, but the leading idea is that the dust and the ice begin to stick together, growing into larger objects because of gravitational attraction, Bennett said. When those giant objects become about 10 times the mass of the Earth, they begin to pull in large amounts of hydrogen and helium gas, resulting in Jupiter-sized planets about 300 times the mass of the Earth, he said.
Astronomers haven’t seen these planets with a naked eye, but have detected them indirectly. When a planet passes in front of a distant star, that star brightens. That’s because the planet’s gravity warps the light from the star, as if magnifying it. This is called “gravitational microlensing.” Albert Einstein correctly predicted this effect in 1936.
Scientists can estimate the mass of a planet by looking at how long this brightening event lasts. For Jupiter-sized planets, it happens over the course of one or two days, which is what they observed in this study.
Previous explorations of distant planets found evidence of free planets also, but didn’t have a good estimate of how many there were or how big, said Takahiro Sumi, associate professor at Osaka University’s Department of Earth and Space Science and the lead author of the study.
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